Physiology in Health and Disease

• This book will be of interest to anyone who wants to use ultrasound to understand human physiology both in the clinical setting and the classroom. Tremendous advances in ultrasound technology have resulted in portable ultrasound systems that are easy to use, produce excellent images, and are affordable with quality hand-held and laptop-sized systems costing between $2K and $20K. These systems are now being used at the patient bedside or point of care by almost all medical and surgical specialities from primary care to orthopaedic surgery. These portable systems, especially the hand-held devices, are now being called the stethoscopes of the 21st century and will likely be used by many that are presently using stethoscopes including physicians, nurses, physician assistants, medics and other health professionals.
• Ultrasound began to be used in medical student education in the 1990s and is steadily becoming a common teaching tool for courses like anatomy and physiology. It is a visual, highly interactive learning tool that bridges the basic and clinical sciences and allows the learner to observe physiology principles in a living model. Ultrasound is also being used to teach other health professions students as well as undergraduate college students and high school students. Despite this interest there are no books available that provide an introduction to ultrasound and how it can be used to enhance the teaching of physiology. This e-book will do just that as well as offer “How to Scan” videos with example laboratory exercises to further engage learners.
  
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• In this Edited Volume, a diverse group of exercise metabolism experts, assembled a multi-facetted collection of fascinating contributions. The chapters focus on metabolism during exercise, including anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (separate chapters on muscle glycogen and blood glucose), fat metabolism (separate chapters on muscle and adipose tissue) and protein metabolism.
• Readers will find discussion on various tissues in addition to skeletal muscle, such as liver, heart and brain metabolism during exercise. In addition, the book includes chapters on other perspectives such as thermodynamic and bioenergetic aspects of exercise and a dive into history. Another focal point is on the effects of exercise in relation to training, age, sex, fatigue and the circadian rhythm.
• This contemporary collection will be an essential resource for Physiologists, Sports Scientists, Coaches, Athletes and students alike.
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• This contributed volume presents the current state of research on regenerative rehabilitation across a broad range of neuro- and musculoskeletal tissues. At its core, the primary goal of regenerative rehabilitation is to restore function after damage to bones, skeletal muscles, cartilage, ligaments/tendons, or tissues of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The authors describe the physiology of these neuro- and musculoskeletal tissue types and their inherent plasticity. The latter quality is what enables these tissues to adapt to mechanical and/or chemical cues to improve functional capacity. As a result, readers will learn how regenerative rehabilitation exploits that quality, to trigger positive changes in tissue function.
• Combining basic, translational, and clinical aspects of the topic, the book offers a valuable resource for both scientists and clinicians in the regenerative rehabilitation field.
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• This book provides an overview of the latest experimental work on sex-based differences in lung function and inflammation. Readers will learn how these differences relate to individual predispositions for the development of lung disease in men and women, and in different stages of their reproductive lives. Further, the book focuses on diseases that predominantly affect women or men, with an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms underlying their pathobiology.
• In turn, these findings are complemented by chapters on recent studies, which investigate how circulating sex hormone levels impact the lung’s innate immune response to environmental agents and air pollution. The pathogeneses of asthma and viral respiratory infection are also major focus areas. As an outlook, the book also discusses current and future research directions aimed at developing sex-specific therapies for lung disease.
• To examine these anatomical and physiological differences in the male and female respiratory systems, the authors employ a broad range of methods from molecular and clinical biology. Accordingly, the book will be a fascinating read for physiologists and clinicians alike.
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• This book offers a summary and discussion of the advances of inflammation and infection in various cancers. The authors cover the classically known virus infections in cancer, novel roles of other pathogens (e.g. bacteria and fungi), as well as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy. Further, the chapters highlight the progress of immune therapy, stem cells and the role of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of cancers.
• Readers will gain insights into complex microbial communities, that inhabit most external human surfaces and play a key role in health and disease. Perturbations of host-microbe interactions often lead to altered host responses that can promote cancer development. Thus, this book highlights emerging roles of the microbiome in pathogenesis of cancers and outcome of therapy. The focus is on mechanistic concepts that underlie the complex relationships between host and microbes. Approaches that can inhibit infection, suppress chronic inflammation and reverse the dysbiosis are discussed, as a means for restoring the balance between host and microbes.
• This comprehensive work will be beneficial to researchers and students interested in infectious diseases, microbiome, and cancer as well as clinicians and general physiologists.
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• This book discusses unique ion channels and transporters that are located within epithelial tissues of various organs including the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract. The authors will show, that each of these channels and transporters play crucial roles in transepithelial ion and fluid transport across epithelia and their responsibility in maintaining homeostasis. The reader gains an understanding of the fundamentals of epithelial ion transport, in terms of function, modelling, regulation, trafficking, structure and pharmacology. This is the third of three volumes highlighting the importance of epithelial ion channels and transporters in basic physiology and pathophysiology of human diseases.
• The focus of this volume lies with different ion channel and transporter families. Additionally, this volume benefits from pharmaceutical contributors and their insights into recent pre-clinical drug discovery efforts and results from clinical trials. Overall, these chapters offer a more thorough coverage of individual epithelial ion channels and transporters from the 1st Edition, along with eleven new chapters. That makes Volume 3 an insightful contribution for physiology students, scientists and clinicians.
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• This book discusses the unique ion channels and transporters found within the epithelial tissues of various organs, including the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract. Authors focus on demonstrating the crucial roles that each of these channels and transporters play in transepithelial ion and fluid transport across epithelia, as well as in maintaining homeostasis. It allows readers to gain an understanding of the fundamentals of ion transport, in terms of function, modelling, regulation, trafficking, structure and pharmacology. This is the second of three volumes highlighting the importance of epithelial ion channels and transporters in basic physiology and pathophysiology of human diseases.
• This volume focuses on a wide array of epithelial tissues and the use of organoids to study epithelial function. Furthermore, clinical researchers and basic scientists from various fields provide a medical perspective on the physiology of a number of tissues and organs of the body including the pancreas, intestine, sweat glands, mammary gland, inner ear epithelia, retinal pigment epithelia of the eye, choroid plexus, and the ectodermal epithelia in dental enamel formation. This volume aims to ‘round out’ the reader’s journey from basic science to the laboratory bench and clinical management of molecular diseases, making Volume 2 a must-read for students and scientists in the field of physiology, as well as for clinicians.
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• This book discusses unique ion channels and transporters that are located within epithelial tissues of various organs including the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract. As the authors show, these channels and transporters play crucial roles in transepithelial ion and fluid transport across epithelia and their contribution to maintaining homeostasis. Readers will be introduced to the fundamentals of ion transport in terms of function, modelling, regulation, structure and pharmacology. This is the first of three volumes highlighting the importance of epithelial ion channels and transporters in basic physiology and pathophysiology of human diseases.
• This volume focuses on basic fundamentals of epithelial transport physiology. There is a range of chapters dedicated to specific aspects of epithelial ion transport and cell function. Accordingly, the authors discuss techniques used to determine epithelial function, principles of epithelia transport, polarization of epithelial cells, mathematical modelling of epithelial ion transport, protein folding of ion channels, degradation epithelial ion channels, fundamentals of epithelial sodium, potassium and chloride transport, fundamentals of bicarbonate secretion, volume regulation, and microRNA regulation of epithelial channels and transporters. Given its scope, Volume 1 offers a valuable resource for physiology students, scientists and clinicians alike.
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• This book highlights the importance of the choroid plexus, which forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and is the site of the major production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The authors show that this barrier is crucial for maintaining important compositional differences between the blood plasma and the CSF. The choroid plexus epithelial cells also prevent the spread of infectious agents and other blood-borne entities to the brain tissue.
• Chapter topics range from the production of CSF by electrolyte regulation in the choroid plexus, to details on the selectively transporting nature of this barrier. Further, the authors elaborate on the important roles of CSF in sustaining brain health by providing hydration, solutes, and nutrients to the brain tissue. Readers will also learn how CSF circulates signaling molecules within the compartments of the brain and removes waste products from the brain tissue. Elucidating the regulation of these processes in the choroid plexus is not only important for the readers’ understanding of normal brain development and function, but is also crucial for resolving a variety of cerebral challenges that lead to brain edema, as well as developing treatments for diseases. The book discusses disease models like hydrocephalus, sleep disorders, and age-related dementia.
• Its comprehensive coverage makes this volume a valuable resource for researchers in cell and neurophysiology, as well as graduate students of the neurosciences.
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• Only recently have we begun to appreciate the role of microbiome in health and disease. Environmental factors and change of life style including diet significantly shape human microbiome that in turn appears to modify gut barrier function affecting nutrient & electrolyte absorption and inflammation. Approaches that can reverse the gut dysbiosis represent as reasonable and novel strategies for restoring the balance between host and microbes. 
  
• In the book, we offer summary and discussion on the advances in understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of microbial host interactions in human diseases. We will not only discuss intestinal bacterial community, but also viruses, fungi and oral microbiome. Microbiome studies will facilitate diagnosis, functional studies, drug development and personalized medicine. Thus, this book will further highlight the microbiome in the context of health and disease, focusing on mechanistic concepts that underlie the complex relationships between host and microbes.
  
  
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• This book offers physiology teachers a new approach to teaching their subject that will lead to increased student understanding and retention of the most important ideas. By integrating the core concepts of physiology into individual courses and across the entire curriculum, it provides students with tools that will help them learn more easily and fully understand the physiology content they are asked to learn. The authors present examples of how the core concepts can be used to teach individual topics, design learning resources, assess student understanding, and structure a physiology curriculum.
  
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• Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury (SCI). Those with an SCI are two to five times more likely to die prematurely than people without a spinal cord injury, with worse survival rates in low- and middle-income countries. Dynamic aerobic requires integrated physiologic responses across the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, autonomic, pulmonary, thermoregulatory, and immunologic systems. Moreover, regular aerobic exercise beneficially impacts these same systems, reducing the risk for a range of diseases and maladies. This book will present comprehensive information on the unique physiologic effects of SCI and the potential role of exercise in treating and mitigating these effects. In addition, it will incorporate work from scientists across a number of disciplines and have contributors at multiple levels of investigation and across physiologic systems. Furthermore, SCI can be considered an accelerated form of aging due to the severely restricted physical inactivity imposed, usually at an early age. Therefore, the information presented may have a broader importance to the physiology of aging as it relates to inactivity. Lastly, the need for certain levels of regular aerobic exercise to engender adaptations beneficial to health is not altered by the burden of an SCI. Indeed, the amounts of exercise necessary may be even greater than the able-bodied due to ‘passive’ ambulation. This book will also address the potential health benefits for those with an SCI that can be realized if a sufficient exercise stimulus is provided.
  
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• In this book, leading figures in the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease provide up-to-date information from human clinical trials, cohorts, and animal physiology experiments to reveal the interdependence between parental obesity and health of the offspring. Obesity of the mother and father produces obesity in their offspring, so we are caught up in an intergenerational cycle, which means that even our children’s future health is in peril. This book gives a timely and much-needed synthesis of the mechanisms, potential targets of future interventions, and the challenges that need to be overcome in order to break the intergenerational cycle of obesity. This has profound implications for the way in which scientific, clinical and health policy activities are to be directed in order to combat the so-called epidemic of obesity, as well as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The book will be of interest to students, clinicians, researchers and health policy makers who are either seeking an introduction to the area of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease or have a specific interest in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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• Helps physiologists and biologists interested in mechanobiology but new to the field to understand the impact of mechanobiology on physiological regulation in health and disease
• Details the roles of mechanobiology in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseaseCovers basic principles in physiological conditions, as well as examples of clinical applications

This book will cover the cutting-edge developments in molecular and cellular mechanobiology to date. Readers will have a clear understanding of mechanobiology at the molecular and cellular levels, encompassing the mechanosensors, transducers, and transcription. An integrative approach across different scales from molecular sensing to mechanotransduction and gene modulation for physiological regulation of cellular functions will be explored, as well as applications to pathophysiological states in disease. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of physicochemical microenvironment and intracellular responses in determining cellular function in health and disease will also be discussed.

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• A completely updated and revised new edition
• Compares and integrates renal physiology across all the major classes of vertebrates
• Identifies gaps in our knowledge of comparative renal physiology and indicates areas of future research

This second edition, published July 2016, offers a comprehensive overview of the physiological functions of vertebrate kidneys from a comparative viewpoint, with particular emphasis on nonmammalian vertebrates. The topics covered include renal structure; glomerular ultrafiltration; tubular transport of inorganic ions, organic substances, and fluid; and urine dilution and concentration. Mammalian renal function is only considered for purposes of comparison with nonmammalian renal function and as a frame of reference for some of the discussions. The major findings on nonmammalian renal function and the important unanswered questions raised by those findings are described in detail. As such, the book provides comprehensive information on comparative renal function for biological scientists and advanced students of biology with some knowledge of physiology and a desire to know more about renal function in vertebrates, and for mammalian renal physiologists who wish to obtain a broader view of renal function.

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• Updates readers on new findings concerning the essential role of biological rhythms
• Addresses both basic research and clinical aspects
• Written by leading scientists and clinicians

This book sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms that generate circadian rhythms. It examines how biological rhythms influence physiological processes such as sleep, hormone synthesis and secretion, immunity, kidney function, the cardiovascular system, blood pressure, and the digestive system. Clinical implications are considered while exploring the impact of rhythms on neuropsychiatric disorders and chronotherapy’s potential for reducing cardiovascular risk. Offering a cross-section of expertise in both basic and translational (bench-to-bedside) research, this book serves as a guide for physicians and scientists who wish to learn more about the impact of circadian rhythms on physiological processes in health and disease.

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• Updates readers on essential findings concerning the cell physiology, biochemistry, pathophysiology and pharmacology of epithelial ion transport
• Addresses both basic research and clinical aspects
• All chapters written by leading scientists and clinicians

This book sheds new light on the physiology, molecular biology and pathophysiology of epithelial ion channels and transporters. It combines the basic cellular models and functions by means of a compelling clinical perspective, addressing aspects from the laboratory bench to the bedside. The individual chapters, written by leading scientists and clinicians, explore specific ion channels and transporters located in the epithelial tissues of the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract, all of which play a crucial part in maintaining homeostasis. Further topics include the fundamentals of epithelial transport; mathematical modeling of ion transport; cell volume regulation; membrane protein folding and trafficking; transepithelial transport functions; and lastly, a discussion of transport proteins as potential pharmacological targets with a focus on the pharmacology of potassium channels.

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• Features current innovative topics in the field of sodium and water homeostasis
Features domestic and international contributions from experts in the field Covers multiple organ systems and cellular processes

This book presents cutting edge methods that provide insights into the pathways by which salt and water traverse cell membranes and flow in an orchestrated fashion amongst the many compartments of the body. It focuses on a number of molecular, cellular and whole animal studies that involve multiple physiological systems and shows how the internal milieu is regulated by multifactorial gene regulation, molecular signaling, and cell and organ architecture.

Topics covered include: water channels, the urinary concentrating mechanism, angiotensin, the endothelin system, miRNAs and MicroRNA in osmoregulation, desertadapted mammals, the giraffe kidney, mosquito Malpighian tubules, and circadian rhythms. The book highlights how different approaches to explaining the same physiological processes greatly increase our understanding of these fundamental processes. Greater integration of comparative, evolutionary and genetic animal models in basic science and medical science will improve our overall grasp of the mechanisms of sodium and water balance.

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• Leading authorities on high-altitude physiology contribute to this work
• Focuses on man at extreme altitude, sleep and restoration
• Also focuses on physiology of permanent residents of high altitude

Leading authorities on high-altitude physiology contribute to this work, which is divided into three sections: Man at Extreme Altitude; Sleep and Restoration at High Altitude; and Physiology of Permanent Residents of High Altitude. Based on a symposium on physiology at high altitude sponsored by the American Physiological Society, the volume includes several chapters on the achievements of the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Mt. Everest, where the first physiological measurements at altitudes above 8,000 meters were recorded. With growing interest in the study of human performance in these conditions, this text marks a lasting achievement in high-altitude physiology.

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• There are over 12 million people with diabetes in the US
• The authors review clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence that high levels of blood glucose produce metabolic and biochemical alterations in vascular walls
• Based on a 1989 FASEB symposium by the APS

There are over 12 million people with diabetes in the U.S. Blindness, renal failure, and coronary heart disease are the three most frequent complications of late-stage diabetes, and diabetic patients are at greater risk for developing these conditions than the rest of the population. This book examines the link between hyperglycemia and micro- and macro- vascular disease in diabetes. The authors review clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence that high levels of blood glucose produce metabolic and biochemical alterations in vascular walls. These alterations in turn lead to abnormalities in vascular structure and, ultimately, function. Although there are differences in the pathogenesis of these two types of vascular disease, the emphasis in the book is on the common mechanisms by which hyperglycemia produces vascular alterations. This work is unique in providing an integrated picture of the effects of hyperglycemia on vascular metabolism, function, and disease. Implications for therapy are also discussed. Hyperglycemia, Diabetes and Vascular Disease is based on a 1989 FASEB symposium offered by the American Physiological Society, and is a volume in the Society's Clinical Physiology Series.

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• Chronicles important actions of this new hormonal system
• Provides the latest research on Atrial Hormones and other Natriuretic Factors
• Written by experts in the field

For the first time, two vital physiological systems--the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor and the atrial hormones--are explored in one essential volume. Chapters exploring the atrial natriuretic factor describe the remarkable progress since de Bold's classic 1981 experiment, from advances in characterizing gene structure to measurement of blood levels in human disease. The book chronicles the important actions of this new hormonal system (aside from its effect on the kidney) in dilating blood vessels, inhibiting aldosterone and renin secretion, and increasing vascular permeability. The last three chapters describe the latest findings in the area of the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, including factors of volume control and hypertension, arterial hypertension, and sodium-transport inhibitors as physiological regulators of the sodium pump.

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• Brings together research on the way in which blood flow can regulate vascular function
  
• Particular emphasis is on vascular tone
  
• Also examines the cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms involved, signal transduction systems, and role of flow-dependent mechanisms in various physiological regulating processes

This book brings together current research on the way in which blood flow can regulate vascular function--with particular emphasis on vascular tone. Evidence that this occurs is derived from the study of isolated cellular and tissue systems, in vitro vascular segments and vascular beds from both animals and humans. It seems likely that flow-sensitive mechanisms are found in most arteries and veins. Considerable attention is devoted in this book to the role of the endothelium. It also examines the cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms involved, the effective stimulus, the signal transduction systems, the role of flow-dependent mechanisms in various physiological regulating processes and the role of flow in the long-term design of the circulation system. Included are chapters concerned with the involvement of flow-related mechanisms in disease, for example arteriosclerosis, vasospasm and their alteration in heart failure and hypertension. It may be that sensitivity to flow represents an important underlying characteristic of the vascular system essential to its role in bringing the desired volume of blood to tissues in amounts appropriate to their need.

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• Covers the physiological responses and adaptations to hypoxia
• The book emphasizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms
• This book provides a useful reference for physiologists and other blood biologists, as well as pulmonary physicians

This unique volume covers the physiological responses and adaptations to hypoxia, the deficiency or absence of oxygen. These responses may occur at any level of an organism, from the mitochondria to organ systems, to the whole animal. The book emphasizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms, then integrates these responses in the context of organ and systems physiology, providing a useful reference for physiologists and other blood biologists, as well as pulmonary physicians.

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• Focuses on physiology of Lung Development
• Written by key international leaders in the field
• Comprehensive review of the complex series of cellular and molecular interactions required for lung development

Knowledge about the mechanisms of lung development has been growing rapidly, especially with regard to cellular and molecular aspects of growth and differentiation. This authoritative international volume reviews key aspects of lung development in health and disease by providing a comprehensive review of the complex series of cellular and molecular interactions required for lung development. It covers such topics as pulmonary hypoplasia, effects of malnutrition, and pulmaonary angiogenesis. An indispensable reference for all those involved in studying or treating lung disease in neonates and children, the book offers a unique view of the development of this essential organ.

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• Shows how hypoxia and metabolic acidosis affect the heart, lungs, blood vessels and other organs at the cellular level, the tissue level, and finally, at the level of the entire organ
• Gives an overview of hypoxia and metabolic acidosis treatment
• Written by experts in the field

In recent years, there has been a wealth of new information on the physiological and biochemical consequences of hypoxia, or low blood levels of oxygen. This new volume discusses the implications of these new findings on the pathophysiology, development, and treatment of hypoxic metabolic acidosis. The volume is part of the Clinical Physiology series sponsored by the American Physiological Society, and is based on a FASEB symposium held in May 1988. Hypoxia was once thought to affect organs in a similar manner, but it is now known that each is affected differently. The author shows how hypoxia and metabolic acidosis affect the heart, lungs, blood vessels and other organs at the cellular level, the tissue level, and finally, at the level of the entire organ. The book then proceeds to a description of the situations in which hypoxic metabolic acidosis develops, such as during high altitude exposure, cardiac arrest, and lactic acidosis. The last few chapters give an overview of treatment. Traditional therapy has consisted largely of the intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate. This method has come under increasing scrutiny however, and the range of problems associated with the use of sodium bicarbonate is examined fully. Newer alternative agents for managing hypoxic acidosis are reviewed as well. This up-to-date review of hypoxia and metabolic acidosis should be of interest to physiologists, internists, cardiologists, chest physicians, anesthesiologists, and intensive care specialists.

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• Based on symposium at the 1990 FASEB meeting
• Examines research done to explain pathogenesis of hypertension among black Americans
• Discusses underlying mechanisms that set the stage for the application of modern molecular biology to the pathophysiology of hypertension in Blacks

Overall, American blacks have twice the rate of high blood pressure of American whites and five to seven times the rate of severe hypertension. As a result, American blacks have a higher incidence of stroke (50%), heart disease (30%), and kidney disease (50%). Not only are blacks more likely to develop hypertension, but the disorder develops earlier, is often more severe, and is more likely to be fatal at an earlier age. While lack of early and aggressive treatment contributes to the problem, research has shown that physiological and environmental factors play an important role. Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks examines much of the research that has been done to explain the pathogenesis of hypertension among black Americans. The book is divided into four sections. The first section considers genetic mechanisms of the disease. Increased sensitivity to salt, a common feature among both normotensive and hypertensive blacks, may have developed during the slave trade and slavery as a physiological adaptation to prevent death from excessive loss of salt and water; survival favored those most able to conserve salt, an ability which predisposes black Americans today to hypertension. During childhood, this enhanced salt-sensitivity may be complicated by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. The second section examines the role of social, cultural, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The authors of these chapters present models and explanations that show how these factors may influence physiological variables. The third area of the book deals with the role of urbanization and salt (both in and out of Africa), the role of diet, the role of intracellular ion metabolism, and the increasing significance of renin. The last section of the book summarizes the evidence presented in earlier chapters, and also outlines therapeutic strategies that are effective in controlling blood pressure in hypertensive blacks. The book presents underlying physiological mechanisms which may become impaired and therefore sets the stage for the application of modern molecular biology to the pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks. This book is a volume in the Clinical Physiology Series of the American Physiological Society and is based on a symposium sponsored by the Society at the 1990 meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. It will be valuable to both researchers and clinicians who study and treat hypertension in blacks.

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• Systematically discuss the role of the autonomic and respiratory systems in the sleep process
• Also blends phenomenological description with cellular mechanisms and clinical correlations
• Written by experts in the field

The Clinical Physiology Series strives to provide timely summaries of basic physiological research as it bears on clinically relevant topics. Considerable data obtained across different levels of behavioral arousal and sleep illustrate the undeniable clinical importance of efforts to understand the cellular mechanisms that cause state-dependent changes in physiology. First, it is an established fact that neuronal mechanisms regulating sleep and wakefulness significantly alter cardiovascular, respiratory, thermoregulatory control. Second, temporal studies have established correlations between time of day, time of certain pathophysiological events, and time of death. Third, occupational health and safety are known to be adversely affected by decreased levels of arousal that occur at predictable times of day. The alternation of waking and sleeping, the daily course of the advancing and receding tides of consciousness, has long been a familiar part of our experience. But it is a new idea that autonomic and respiratory physiology are equally and dramatically altered in a parallel fashion. It is this concept that is summarized, explored, and developed in this much needed book. Clinical Physiology of Sleep is the first book to systematically discuss the role of the autonomic and respiratory systems in the sleep process while blending phenomenological description with cellular mechanisms and clinical correlations. The central concept is the relationship of general physiological alterations during sleep to cellular physiology and to the pathology of sleep. The editors have drawn together thematically related chapters written by experts in this rapidly growing field. The book is sure to find an important place in the library of sleep researchers, respiratory and cardiovascular physiologists, neuroscientists, anesthesiologists, and clinicians concerned with sleep disorders.

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• Focuses on Endothelin and its molecular biology, biosynthesis, biological actions, and potential physiological and pathological importance
• Summarizes history of this unique peptide
• Also focuses on physiology of permanent residents of high altitude
• Comprehensive monograph is an indispensable reference for basic scientists and clinicians

Merely three years after the discovery of endothelin, a large amount of information has been generated about the molecular biology, biosynthesis, biological actions and potential physiological and pathological importance of this unique peptide and its isoforms. This first book on endothelins summarizes the early events which lead to the discovery of endothelin, the progress made in understanding the peptide's physiological role, and the current state-of-the-art in contemporary endothelin research. The book also discusses the potential significance of endothelins in health and disease, covers the potential role of the peptides in the integrated control of the cardiovascular system, and outlines future research directions. This comprehensive monograph is an indispensable reference for basic scientists and clinicians.

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• Intended as a source of basic information about the perception and alleviation of pain in animals
• Useful for scientific investigators working in this area
• Reflects the results of a 1982 landmark symposium on animal pain sponsored in part by the APS

This book is intended as a source of basic information about the perception and alleviation of pain in animals. It is especially useful for scientific investigators working in this area; for veterinarians interested in the health and welfare of animals, the assessment of pain during surgery, and the alleviation of pain; and for individuals involved in federal, state, and local regulation of the use of animals in research and education. Reflecting the results of a 1982 landmark symposium on animal pain sponsored in part by the American Physiological Society, this outstanding reference covers such topics as peripheral, supraspinal, segmental, and neurophysiological mechanisms involved in pain; spinal cord pathways and control systems; stimulation analgesia and endorphins; behavioral mechanisms for assessing pain; and the phylogenetic evaluation of pain expression in animals.

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